| "It is clear that modern medicine has
| |
| | leading from eugenics to active
|
| created a serious dilemma ... In the
| |
| | extermination of "inferior" groups in the
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| past, there were many children who never
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| | general population - can we guarantee
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| survived - they succumbed to various
| |
| | that everyone will? How to prevent
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| diseases ... But in a sense modern
| |
| | eugenics from being appropriated by an
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| medicine has put natural selection out of
| |
| | intrusive, authoritarian, or even
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| commission. Something that has helped one
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| | murderous state?Modern eugenicists
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| individual over a serious illness can in
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| | distance themselves from the crude
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| the long run contribute to weakening the
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| | methods adopted at the beginning of the
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| resistance of the whole human race to
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| | last century by 29 countries, including
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| certain diseases. If we pay absolutely no
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| | Germany, The United States, Canada,
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| attention to what is called hereditary
| |
| | Switzerland, Austria, Venezuela, Estonia,
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| hygiene, we could find ourselves facing a
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| | Argentina, Norway, Denmark, Sweden (until
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| degeneration of the human race. Mankind's
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| | 1976), Brazil, Italy, Greece, and
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| hereditary potential for resisting
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| | Spain.They talk about free contraceptives
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| serious disease will be weakened."Jostein
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| | for low-IQ women, vasectomies or tubal
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| Gaarder in "Sophie's World", a
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| | ligations for criminals, sperm banks with
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| bestselling philosophy textbook for
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| | contributions from high achievers, and
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| adolescents published in Oslo, Norway, in
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| | incentives for college students to
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| 1991 and, afterwards, throughout the
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| | procreate. Modern genetic engineering and
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| world, having been translated to dozens
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| | biotechnology are readily applicable to
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| of languages.The Nazis regarded the
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| | eugenic projects. Cloning can serve to
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| murder of the feeble-minded and the
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| | preserve the genes of the fittest. Embryo
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| mentally insane - intended to purify the
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| | selection and prenatal diagnosis of
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| race and maintain hereditary hygiene - as
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| | genetically diseased embryos can reduce
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| a form of euthanasia. German doctors were
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| | the number of the unfit.But even these
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| enthusiastic proponents of an eugenics
| |
| | innocuous variants of eugenics fly in the
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| movements rooted in 19th century social
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| | face of liberalism. Inequality, claim the
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| Darwinism. Luke Gormally writes, in his
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| | proponents of hereditary amelioration, is
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| essay "Walton, Davies, and Boyd"
| |
| | genetic, not environmental. All men are
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| (published in "Euthanasia Examined -
| |
| | created unequal and as much subject to
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| Ethical, Clinical, and Legal
| |
| | the natural laws of heredity as are cows
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| Perspectives", ed. John Keown, Cambridge
| |
| | and bees. Inferior people give birth to
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| University Press, 1995):"When the jurist
| |
| | inferior offspring and, thus, propagate
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| Karl Binding and the psychiatrist Alfred
| |
| | their inferiority.Even if this were true
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| Hoche published their tract The
| |
| | - which is at best debatable - the
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| Permission to Destroy Life that is Not
| |
| | question is whether the inferior specimen
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| Worth Living in 1920 ... their motive was
| |
| | of our species possess the inalienable
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| to rid society of the 'human ballast and
| |
| | right to reproduce? If society is to bear
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| enormous economic burden' of care for the
| |
| | the costs of over-population - social
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| mentally ill, the handicapped, retarded
| |
| | welfare, medical care, daycare centers -
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| and deformed children, and the incurably
| |
| | then society has the right to regulate
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| ill. But the reason they invoked to
| |
| | procreation. But does it have the right
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| justify the killing of human beings who
| |
| | to act discriminately in doing so?Another
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| fell into these categories was that the
| |
| | dilemma is whether we have the moral
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| lives of such human beings were 'not
| |
| | right - let alone the necessary knowledge
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| worth living', were 'devoid of value'"It
| |
| | - to interfere with natural as well as
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| is this association with the hideous Nazi
| |
| | social and demographic trends.
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| regime that gave eugenics - a term coined
| |
| | Eugenicists counter that contraception
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| by a relative of Charles Darwin, Sir
| |
| | and indiscriminate medicine already do
|
| Francis Galton, in 1883 - its bad name.
| |
| | just that. Yet, studies show that the
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| Richard Lynn, of the University of Ulster
| |
| | more affluent and educated a population
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| of North Ireland, thinks that this recoil
| |
| | becomes - the less fecund it is. Birth
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| resulted in "Dysgenics - the genetic
| |
| | rates throughout the world have dropped
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| deterioration of modern (human)
| |
| | dramatically already.Instead of culling
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| population", as the title of his
| |
| | the great unwashed and the unworthy -
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| controversial tome puts it.The crux of
| |
| | wouldn't it be a better idea to educate
|
| the argument for eugenics is that a host
| |
| | them (or their off-spring) and provide
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| of technological, cultural, and social
| |
| | them with economic opportunities
|
| developments conspired to give rise to
| |
| | (euthenics rather than eugenics)? Human
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| negative selection of the weakest, least
| |
| | populations seem to self-regulate. A
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| intelligent, sickest, the habitually
| |
| | gentle and persistent nudge in the right
|
| criminal, the sexually deviant, the
| |
| | direction - of increased affluence and
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| mentally-ill, and the least
| |
| | better schooling - might achieve more
|
| adapted.Contraception is more widely used
| |
| | than a hundred eugenic programs,
|
| by the affluent and the well-educated
| |
| | voluntary or compulsory.That eugenics
|
| than by the destitute and dull. Birth
| |
| | presents itself not merely as a
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| control as practiced in places like China
| |
| | biological-social agenda, but as a
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| distorted both the sex distribution in
| |
| | panacea, ought to arouse suspicion. The
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| the cities - and increased the weight of
| |
| | typical eugenics text reads more like a
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| the rural population (rural couples in
| |
| | catechism than a reasoned argument.
|
| China are allowed to have two children
| |
| | Previous all-encompassing and
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| rather than the urban one).Modern
| |
| | omnicompetent plans tended to end
|
| medicine and the welfare state
| |
| | traumatically - especially when they
|
| collaborate in sustaining alive
| |
| | contrasted a human elite with a
|
| individuals - mainly the mentally
| |
| | dispensable underclass of persons.Above
|
| retarded, the mentally ill, the sick, and
| |
| | all, eugenics is about human hubris. To
|
| the genetically defective - who would
| |
| | presume to know better than the lottery
|
| otherwise have been culled by natural
| |
| | of life is haughty. Modern medicine
|
| selection to the betterment of the entire
| |
| | largely obviates the need for eugenics in
|
| species.Eugenics may be based on a
| |
| | that it allows even genetically defective
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| literal understanding of Darwin's
| |
| | people to lead pretty normal lives. Of
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| metaphor.The 2002 edition of the
| |
| | course, Man himself - being part of
|
| Encyclopedia Britannica has this to
| |
| | Nature - may be regarded as nothing more
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| say:"Darwin's description of the process
| |
| | than an agent of natural selection.
|
| of natural selection as the survival of
| |
| | Still, many of the arguments advanced in
|
| the fittest in the struggle for life is a
| |
| | favor of eugenics can be turned against
|
| metaphor. 'Struggle' does not necessarily
| |
| | it with embarrassing ease.Consider sick
|
| mean contention, strife, or combat;
| |
| | children. True, they are a burden to
|
| 'survival' does not mean that ravages of
| |
| | society and a probable menace to the gene
|
| death are needed to make the selection
| |
| | pool of the species. But they also
|
| effective; and 'fittest' is virtually
| |
| | inhibit further reproduction in their
|
| never a single optimal genotype but
| |
| | family by consuming the financial and
|
| rather an array of genotypes that
| |
| | mental resources of the parents. Their
|
| collectively enhance population survival
| |
| | genes - however flawed - contribute to
|
| rather than extinction. All these
| |
| | genetic diversity. Even a badly mutated
|
| considerations are most apposite to
| |
| | phenotype sometimes yields precious
|
| consideration of natural selection in
| |
| | scientific knowledge and an interesting
|
| humans. Decreasing infant and childhood
| |
| | genotype.The implicit Weltbild of
|
| mortality rates do not necessarily mean
| |
| | eugenics is static - but the real world
|
| that natural selection in the human
| |
| | is dynamic. There is no such thing as a
|
| species no longer operates.
| |
| | "correct" genetic makeup towards which we
|
| Theoretically, natural selection could be
| |
| | must all strive. A combination of genes
|
| very effective if all the children born
| |
| | may be perfectly adaptable to one
|
| reached maturity. Two conditions are
| |
| | environment - but woefully inadequate in
|
| needed to make this theoretical
| |
| | another. It is therefore prudent to
|
| possibility realized: first, variation in
| |
| | encourage genetic diversity or
|
| the number of children per family and,
| |
| | polymorphism.The more rapidly the world
|
| second, variation correlated with the
| |
| | changes, the greater the value of
|
| genetic properties of the parents.
| |
| | mutations of all sorts. One never knows
|
| Neither of these conditions is
| |
| | whether today's maladaptation will not
|
| farfetched."The eugenics debate is only
| |
| | prove to be tomorrow's winner. Ecosystems
|
| the visible extremity of the Man vs.
| |
| | are invariably comprised of niches and
|
| Nature conundrum. Have we truly conquered
| |
| | different genes - even mutated ones - may
|
| nature and extracted ourselves from its
| |
| | fit different niches.In the 18th century
|
| determinism? Have we graduated from
| |
| | most peppered moths in Britain were
|
| natural to cultural evolution, from
| |
| | silvery gray, indistinguishable from
|
| natural to artificial selection, and from
| |
| | lichen-covered trunks of silver birches -
|
| genes to memes?Does the evolutionary
| |
| | their habitat. Darker moths were gobbled
|
| process culminate in a being that
| |
| | up by rapacious birds. Their mutated
|
| transcends its genetic baggage, that
| |
| | genes proved to be lethal. As soot from
|
| programs and charts its future, and that
| |
| | sprouting factories blackened these
|
| allows its weakest and sickest to
| |
| | trunks - the very same genes, hitherto
|
| survive? Supplanting the imperative of
| |
| | fatal, became an unmitigated blessing.
|
| the survival of the fittest with a
| |
| | The blacker specimen survived while their
|
| culturally-sensitive principle may be the
| |
| | hitherto perfectly adapted fairer
|
| hallmark of a successful evolution,
| |
| | brethren perished ("industrial
|
| rather than the beginning of an
| |
| | melanism"). This mode of natural
|
| inexorable decline.The eugenics movement
| |
| | selection is called directional.Moreover,
|
| turns this argument on its head. They
| |
| | "bad" genes are often connected to
|
| accept the premise that the contribution
| |
| | "desirable genes" (pleitropy). Sickle
|
| of natural selection to the makeup of
| |
| | cell anemia protects certain African
|
| future human generations is glacial and
| |
| | tribes against malaria. This is called
|
| negligible. But they reject the
| |
| | "diversifying or disruptive natural
|
| conclusion that, having ridden ourselves
| |
| | selection". Artificial selection can thus
|
| of its tyranny, we can now let the weak
| |
| | fast deteriorate into adverse selection
|
| and sick among us survive and multiply.
| |
| | due to ignorance.Modern eugenics relies
|
| Rather, they propose to replace natural
| |
| | on statistics. It is no longer concerned
|
| selection with eugenics.But who, by which
| |
| | with causes - but with phenomena and the
|
| authority, and according to what
| |
| | likely effects of intervention. If the
|
| guidelines will administer this man-made
| |
| | adverse traits of off-spring and parents
|
| culling and decide who is to live and who
| |
| | are strongly correlated - then preventing
|
| is to die, who is to breed and who may
| |
| | parents with certain undesirable
|
| not? Why select by intelligence and not
| |
| | qualities from multiplying will surely
|
| by courtesy or altruism or church-going -
| |
| | reduce the incidence of said dispositions
|
| or al of them together? It is here that
| |
| | in the general population. Yet,
|
| eugenics fails miserably. Should the
| |
| | correlation does not necessarily imply
|
| criterion be physical, like in ancient
| |
| | causation. The manipulation of one
|
| Sparta? Should it be mental? Should IQ
| |
| | parameter of the correlation does not
|
| determine one's fate - or social status
| |
| | inevitably alter it - or the incidence of
|
| or wealth? Different answers yield
| |
| | the outcome.Eugenicists often hark back
|
| disparate eugenic programs and target
| |
| | to wisdom garnered by generations of
|
| dissimilar groups in the
| |
| | breeders and farmers. But the unequivocal
|
| population.Aren't eugenic criteria liable
| |
| | lesson of thousands of years of
|
| to be unduly influenced by fashion and
| |
| | artificial selection is that
|
| cultural bias? Can we agree on a
| |
| | cross-breeding (hybridization) - even of
|
| universal eugenic agenda in a world as
| |
| | two lines of inferior genetic stock -
|
| ethnically and culturally diverse as
| |
| | yields valuable genotypes. Inter-marriage
|
| ours? If we do get it wrong - and the
| |
| | between races, groups in the population,
|
| chances are overwhelming - will we not
| |
| | ethnic groups, and clans is thus bound to
|
| damage our gene pool irreparably and,
| |
| | improve the species' chances of survival
|
| with it, the future of our species?And
| |
| | more than any eugenic scheme.
|
| even if many will avoid a slippery slope
| |
| |
|
