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Eugenics and the Future of the Human Species

"It is clear that modern medicine has leading from eugenics to active
created a serious dilemma ... In the extermination of "inferior" groups in the
past, there were many children who never general population - can we guarantee
survived - they succumbed to various that everyone will? How to prevent
diseases ... But in a sense modern eugenics from being appropriated by an
medicine has put natural selection out of intrusive, authoritarian, or even
commission. Something that has helped one murderous state?Modern eugenicists
individual over a serious illness can in distance themselves from the crude
the long run contribute to weakening the methods adopted at the beginning of the
resistance of the whole human race to last century by 29 countries, including
certain diseases. If we pay absolutely no Germany, The United States, Canada,
attention to what is called hereditary Switzerland, Austria, Venezuela, Estonia,
hygiene, we could find ourselves facing a Argentina, Norway, Denmark, Sweden (until
degeneration of the human race. Mankind's 1976), Brazil, Italy, Greece, and
hereditary potential for resisting Spain.They talk about free contraceptives
serious disease will be weakened."Jostein for low-IQ women, vasectomies or tubal
Gaarder in "Sophie's World", a ligations for criminals, sperm banks with
bestselling philosophy textbook for contributions from high achievers, and
adolescents published in Oslo, Norway, in incentives for college students to
1991 and, afterwards, throughout the procreate. Modern genetic engineering and
world, having been translated to dozens biotechnology are readily applicable to
of languages.The Nazis regarded the eugenic projects. Cloning can serve to
murder of the feeble-minded and the preserve the genes of the fittest. Embryo
mentally insane - intended to purify the selection and prenatal diagnosis of
race and maintain hereditary hygiene - as genetically diseased embryos can reduce
a form of euthanasia. German doctors were the number of the unfit.But even these
enthusiastic proponents of an eugenics innocuous variants of eugenics fly in the
movements rooted in 19th century social face of liberalism. Inequality, claim the
Darwinism. Luke Gormally writes, in his proponents of hereditary amelioration, is
essay "Walton, Davies, and Boyd" genetic, not environmental. All men are
(published in "Euthanasia Examined - created unequal and as much subject to
Ethical, Clinical, and Legal the natural laws of heredity as are cows
Perspectives", ed. John Keown, Cambridge and bees. Inferior people give birth to
University Press, 1995):"When the jurist inferior offspring and, thus, propagate
Karl Binding and the psychiatrist Alfred their inferiority.Even if this were true
Hoche published their tract The - which is at best debatable - the
Permission to Destroy Life that is Not question is whether the inferior specimen
Worth Living in 1920 ... their motive was of our species possess the inalienable
to rid society of the 'human ballast and right to reproduce? If society is to bear
enormous economic burden' of care for the the costs of over-population - social
mentally ill, the handicapped, retarded welfare, medical care, daycare centers -
and deformed children, and the incurably then society has the right to regulate
ill. But the reason they invoked to procreation. But does it have the right
justify the killing of human beings who to act discriminately in doing so?Another
fell into these categories was that the dilemma is whether we have the moral
lives of such human beings were 'not right - let alone the necessary knowledge
worth living', were 'devoid of value'"It - to interfere with natural as well as
is this association with the hideous Nazi social and demographic trends.
regime that gave eugenics - a term coined Eugenicists counter that contraception
by a relative of Charles Darwin, Sir and indiscriminate medicine already do
Francis Galton, in 1883 - its bad name. just that. Yet, studies show that the
Richard Lynn, of the University of Ulster more affluent and educated a population
of North Ireland, thinks that this recoil becomes - the less fecund it is. Birth
resulted in "Dysgenics - the genetic rates throughout the world have dropped
deterioration of modern (human) dramatically already.Instead of culling
population", as the title of his the great unwashed and the unworthy -
controversial tome puts it.The crux of wouldn't it be a better idea to educate
the argument for eugenics is that a host them (or their off-spring) and provide
of technological, cultural, and social them with economic opportunities
developments conspired to give rise to (euthenics rather than eugenics)? Human
negative selection of the weakest, least populations seem to self-regulate. A
intelligent, sickest, the habitually gentle and persistent nudge in the right
criminal, the sexually deviant, the direction - of increased affluence and
mentally-ill, and the least better schooling - might achieve more
adapted.Contraception is more widely used than a hundred eugenic programs,
by the affluent and the well-educated voluntary or compulsory.That eugenics
than by the destitute and dull. Birth presents itself not merely as a
control as practiced in places like China biological-social agenda, but as a
distorted both the sex distribution in panacea, ought to arouse suspicion. The
the cities - and increased the weight of typical eugenics text reads more like a
the rural population (rural couples in catechism than a reasoned argument.
China are allowed to have two children Previous all-encompassing and
rather than the urban one).Modern omnicompetent plans tended to end
medicine and the welfare state traumatically - especially when they
collaborate in sustaining alive contrasted a human elite with a
individuals - mainly the mentally dispensable underclass of persons.Above
retarded, the mentally ill, the sick, and all, eugenics is about human hubris. To
the genetically defective - who would presume to know better than the lottery
otherwise have been culled by natural of life is haughty. Modern medicine
selection to the betterment of the entire largely obviates the need for eugenics in
species.Eugenics may be based on a that it allows even genetically defective
literal understanding of Darwin's people to lead pretty normal lives. Of
metaphor.The 2002 edition of the course, Man himself - being part of
Encyclopedia Britannica has this to Nature - may be regarded as nothing more
say:"Darwin's description of the process than an agent of natural selection.
of natural selection as the survival of Still, many of the arguments advanced in
the fittest in the struggle for life is a favor of eugenics can be turned against
metaphor. 'Struggle' does not necessarily it with embarrassing ease.Consider sick
mean contention, strife, or combat; children. True, they are a burden to
'survival' does not mean that ravages of society and a probable menace to the gene
death are needed to make the selection pool of the species. But they also
effective; and 'fittest' is virtually inhibit further reproduction in their
never a single optimal genotype but family by consuming the financial and
rather an array of genotypes that mental resources of the parents. Their
collectively enhance population survival genes - however flawed - contribute to
rather than extinction. All these genetic diversity. Even a badly mutated
considerations are most apposite to phenotype sometimes yields precious
consideration of natural selection in scientific knowledge and an interesting
humans. Decreasing infant and childhood genotype.The implicit Weltbild of
mortality rates do not necessarily mean eugenics is static - but the real world
that natural selection in the human is dynamic. There is no such thing as a
species no longer operates. "correct" genetic makeup towards which we
Theoretically, natural selection could be must all strive. A combination of genes
very effective if all the children born may be perfectly adaptable to one
reached maturity. Two conditions are environment - but woefully inadequate in
needed to make this theoretical another. It is therefore prudent to
possibility realized: first, variation in encourage genetic diversity or
the number of children per family and, polymorphism.The more rapidly the world
second, variation correlated with the changes, the greater the value of
genetic properties of the parents. mutations of all sorts. One never knows
Neither of these conditions is whether today's maladaptation will not
farfetched."The eugenics debate is only prove to be tomorrow's winner. Ecosystems
the visible extremity of the Man vs. are invariably comprised of niches and
Nature conundrum. Have we truly conquered different genes - even mutated ones - may
nature and extracted ourselves from its fit different niches.In the 18th century
determinism? Have we graduated from most peppered moths in Britain were
natural to cultural evolution, from silvery gray, indistinguishable from
natural to artificial selection, and from lichen-covered trunks of silver birches -
genes to memes?Does the evolutionary their habitat. Darker moths were gobbled
process culminate in a being that up by rapacious birds. Their mutated
transcends its genetic baggage, that genes proved to be lethal. As soot from
programs and charts its future, and that sprouting factories blackened these
allows its weakest and sickest to trunks - the very same genes, hitherto
survive? Supplanting the imperative of fatal, became an unmitigated blessing.
the survival of the fittest with a The blacker specimen survived while their
culturally-sensitive principle may be the hitherto perfectly adapted fairer
hallmark of a successful evolution, brethren perished ("industrial
rather than the beginning of an melanism"). This mode of natural
inexorable decline.The eugenics movement selection is called directional.Moreover,
turns this argument on its head. They "bad" genes are often connected to
accept the premise that the contribution "desirable genes" (pleitropy). Sickle
of natural selection to the makeup of cell anemia protects certain African
future human generations is glacial and tribes against malaria. This is called
negligible. But they reject the "diversifying or disruptive natural
conclusion that, having ridden ourselves selection". Artificial selection can thus
of its tyranny, we can now let the weak fast deteriorate into adverse selection
and sick among us survive and multiply. due to ignorance.Modern eugenics relies
Rather, they propose to replace natural on statistics. It is no longer concerned
selection with eugenics.But who, by which with causes - but with phenomena and the
authority, and according to what likely effects of intervention. If the
guidelines will administer this man-made adverse traits of off-spring and parents
culling and decide who is to live and who are strongly correlated - then preventing
is to die, who is to breed and who may parents with certain undesirable
not? Why select by intelligence and not qualities from multiplying will surely
by courtesy or altruism or church-going - reduce the incidence of said dispositions
or al of them together? It is here that in the general population. Yet,
eugenics fails miserably. Should the correlation does not necessarily imply
criterion be physical, like in ancient causation. The manipulation of one
Sparta? Should it be mental? Should IQ parameter of the correlation does not
determine one's fate - or social status inevitably alter it - or the incidence of
or wealth? Different answers yield the outcome.Eugenicists often hark back
disparate eugenic programs and target to wisdom garnered by generations of
dissimilar groups in the breeders and farmers. But the unequivocal
population.Aren't eugenic criteria liable lesson of thousands of years of
to be unduly influenced by fashion and artificial selection is that
cultural bias? Can we agree on a cross-breeding (hybridization) - even of
universal eugenic agenda in a world as two lines of inferior genetic stock -
ethnically and culturally diverse as yields valuable genotypes. Inter-marriage
ours? If we do get it wrong - and the between races, groups in the population,
chances are overwhelming - will we not ethnic groups, and clans is thus bound to
damage our gene pool irreparably and, improve the species' chances of survival
with it, the future of our species?And more than any eugenic scheme.
even if many will avoid a slippery slope




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