| Many of the problems that the members of
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| | developed in order to use this language
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| the European Union are expressing with
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| | in the course of performing the necessary
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| their constitution are in matter of fact
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| | administrative functions. Hence the need
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| problems with they perceive to be the
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| | for Christianity with its monastic
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| 'one size fits all' idea of policies. The
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| | tradition of learning, with its schools
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| French are loudest in expressing their
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| | where Latin or Church Slavonic were
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| objections and looking at the history of
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| | taught, with its ability to replace
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| the evolution of the nation state,
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| | tribal particularism with its own
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| perhaps they have a point. It took
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| | universalist message. To initiate a
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| millennia for the idea of the Nation
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| | social revolution of these dimensions,
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| State to evolve into any recognizable
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| | strong leadership and permanent political
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| shape. So to expect a huge bloc of
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| | institutions had to emerge," Schenker
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| countries to continue to integrate
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| | writes. It took some European countries
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| without noticeable hiccups would be
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| | millennia before the favorable conditions
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| naive.The idea of the modern state as it
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| | for the establishment of a nation state
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| can still be seen in Europe and the US
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| | arose with a central element here often
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| was in matter of fact invented by a
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| | the opposition of pagans toward ruling by
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| Frenchman. Political philosopher Jean
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| | a clergy elite.Bodin's thinking on
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| Bodin in his 1576 book Six Livres de la
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| | political issues was quite similar to
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| Republique describes a republic as "a
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| | that of thinkers of his generation,
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| just government of several households and
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| | including Montaigne, Pasquier and Le Roy.
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| of what they hold in common, with the
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| | These thinkers, like Bodin no longer
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| power of sovereignty". His description
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| | believed that human laws and society very
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| and further treatment of the subject
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| | closely reflected the immutable
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| confirms the great importance the concept
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| | principles of the divine and natural
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| 'authority' and 'sovereign rule' has had
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| | orders, but instead argued that human
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| in our formative ideas of statehood.
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| | affairs were generally detached from
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| Bodin is a very contradicting scholar. He
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| | these orders and were characterized by a
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| is said to have been both the proponent
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| | high degree of particularity, variability
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| of an overly powerful ruling class
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| | and mutability. However, Bodin did say
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| -absolute monarchy- as well as an
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| | that the human political order could not
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| advocate for limiting the power of this
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| | subsist without some divine and natural
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| sovereign to the doorstep of every
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| | foundation. His works are attempts to
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| household.He was the first to hit home
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| | identify a new universal foundation for
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| the notion of sovereignty as a limited
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| | human laws and society, anchored in the
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| entity when he at the time of writing
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| | divine and natural orders and are highly
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| referred to mostly feudal and monarchic
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| | regarded in their pioneering the nation
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| systems elsewhere in the world as simply
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| | state until today.Bodin's treatment of
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| horrific. Slave master relations in
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| | the nation state appears to be motivated
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| countries like Russia, Turkey and Iran at
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| | by his perception that the limitations of
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| the time abhorred the Europeans. These
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| | power needed to be made clear. In arguing
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| countries had a sovereign who was more or
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| | the case for absolute monarchy, he did
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| less full master of the "bodies and
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| | speak out against abusive taxation
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| goods" of his subjects. The people of
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| | policies in outside countries, but
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| Europe would have not put up with such a
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| | underlined the need for a well ordered
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| regime that took for granted certain
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| | society which did away with the remaining
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| limits to the state's authority,
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| | remnants of feudalism. He saw France's
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| according to Bodin. On the other hand,
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| | defense as neccessitating collective
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| Bodin was accused of being a proponent of
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| | payment of soldiers to defend the country
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| unlimited rule. True enough, Bodin
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| | against a Spanish army, which was
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| extolled in extravagant terms the
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| | financed by silver from the New World.
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| prerogatives of sovereignty; but these
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| | (This was the first standing army since
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| did not include the power to impose new
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| | the Romans' more than a thousand years
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| taxes. 'Natural law' forbade this, he
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| | earlier.)Incidentally, this was also the
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| said.Bodin cites Seneca to the effect
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| | occasion on which France established a
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| that `to Kings appertains the power over
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| | mercenary economy; it started to create
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| all, but property belongs to
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| | revenues by keeping imports low while
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| individuals'" Bodin is said to have been
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| | pushing exports and subsidizing them. Few
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| very impressed with Europe's eldest form
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| | political thinkers have been regarded to
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| of democracy, embodied in the ancient
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| | be at once as innovative and as self-
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| democratic ceremony of the Carantanians
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| | contradictory as Jean Bodin, a statement
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| (currently in Austria), which he said
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| | that would not be totally out of line
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| "had no parallel throughout the world."
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| | describing Europe of today. A number of
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| And perhaps he was right; The Slovene
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| | his ideas were developed in the
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| community in Carantania was one of the
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| | seventeenth century, in Germany, the
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| few at the time to not have slaves.
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| | Netherlands and England. They either
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| Stretching from the river Elbe to the
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| | reconciled apparent contradictions within
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| Adriatic Sea, its centre was at
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| | his thought or exploited their ambiguity
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| Gosposvetsko Polje near Krnski Grad which
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| | for political advantage.It took 300
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| is in present-day Austrian Carinthia.The
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| | years--the time until the unification of
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| free Carantania became infamous for
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| | Germany and Italy in the 19th
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| resisting all foreign domination for
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| | century--before Bodin's description of
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| almost one hundred years, which in this
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| | the nation-state came to dominate Europe.
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| area of tribal Europe was also quite
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| | But his mercantilism was adopted almost
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| impressive. Besides leaving a lasting
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| | immediately by every European government,
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| imprint on the historical memory, their
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| | large or small. It remained the reigning
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| example has inspired European countries
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| | philosophy until Adam Smith showed the
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| to date as well as the US, where Thomas
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| | absurdity of believing (as mercantilism
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| Jefferson took inspiration from the Six
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| | does) that a nation can get rich by
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| Livres in his constitutional work. The
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| | robbing its neighbors.Yet twenty-five
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| Carantanians' celebratory democratic
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| | years after Smith, mercantilism was still
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| institution, the installation of a
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| | the doctrine that underlay America's
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| Slovene duke persisted down to the year
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| | first and most important work in
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| 1414 was quite a remarkable piece of
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| | political theory; The Report on
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| culture even at the time. It took place
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| | Manufacturers (1791) by Alexander
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| during a general assembly of all free
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| | Hamilton. And almost a century later, in
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| Carantanian Slavs, by voting. A duke
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| | the second half of the 19th century,
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| would be installed with at a place called
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| | Bismarck based the new German Empire on
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| Knezji Kamen (the Prince's Stone) with
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| | Bodin's mercantilism as adapted to Europe
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| special rites by a peasant, the
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| | by Hamilton's great German admirer,
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| embodiment of the people, on whose behalf
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| | Friedrich List, in his 1841 book, The
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| he invested the duke with power and
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| | National System of Political Economy.
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| authority. Just imagine the scene.The
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| | However discredited as economic theory,
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| prince had to make a solemn pledge in
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| | mercantilism, not Adam Smith's free
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| public to be fair and just at all times,
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| | trade, thus became the policy and
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| to defend Carantania bravely against all
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| | practice of governments virtually
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| enemies, to do everything possible to
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| | everywhere (except for one century in the
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| safeguard peace, and to help the poor.
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| | UK).The Spanish, predictably, never took
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| The ceremony at the time was quite unique
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| | a liking to Bodin. Their
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| and attracted the attention of the
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| | Counter-Reformation ideas disparaged
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| humanist Aeneas Piccolomini, Pope Pius
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| | Bodin as a politico, second only to
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| II, who travelled through Slovene lands,
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| | Machiavelli in his alleged advocacy of
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| to say that the installation ceremony
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| | the subordination of religion to
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| "was second to none."This Robin Hood type
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| | political ends. By contrast, Italy during
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| democracy is known to have flourished
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| | its Counter-Reformation heydays, did
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| centuries before the adoption of the
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| | adopt some of his ideas but thinkers in
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| Magna Carta in 1215, which is widely
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| | this country had difficulties with his
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| regarded as the cornerstone of
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| | theory of sovereignty. But Bodin has left
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| contemporary western democracies.This is
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| | his strongest imprint on politics in
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| not to say that Bodin advocated the
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| | France. Hence, some political
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| Carantanian ideas, yet he was convinced
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| | commentators regret today's Non in France
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| though that human structures as they had
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| | and say that the French for all the
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| formed did show that they were quite
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| | reasons they may have to do away with the
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| detached from the balance of nature.
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| | European ideals they themselves are among
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| Primitive tribal democracies of the
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| | the strongest proponents for, is simply a
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| Carantanian time might not at all have
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| | denial of their own origins. "A
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| been compatible either with the statehood
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| | continental Constitution that ensures
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| that Bodin describes. "In order to
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| | basic human rights and dignities seems to
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| function as viable members of a medieval
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| | be as much a French legacy as anyone
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| polity, states had to possess permanent
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| | else's. [...] we are awash in examples of
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| social structures. First of all, a state
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| | people who lightly toss off their hard-
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| had to be identified with a definite
| |
| | earned heritage", writes Dawn Miller, an
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| geographical space, a stretch of land
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| | editorial writer of WVGazette, who fails
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| whose physical features could imprint
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| | to understand the Non camp, after
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| themselveson the collective psyche. Such
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| | spending 11 days in a Parisian
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| a rooting in a particular territory could
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| | neighborhood.Others have issued warnings
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| not be brought about except by
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| | of doom if the technocrats of Brussels
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| centralized political power which could
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| | continue to ride roughshod over the
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| define the territory's limits and
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| | clearly expressed aspirations of member
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| organize their defense. This demanded, in
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| | states, referring to recent challenges to
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| turn, the development of a social
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| | democratic ideals that are steeped in
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| hierarchy in which a ruler and a class of
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| | plenty historic precedent. "There have
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| nobles shared the burdens of power and
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| | been enough hints by the electorates of
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| were able to interact with their social
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| | various member states in a sufficiently
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| counterparts in other states. The
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| | large number of national elections to
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| definition of spheres of authority and
| |
| | give Brussels a sense of what needs to be
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| the stabilization of administrative
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| | done. Each time, election results that
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| practices called for the adoption of
| |
| | have reflected the rise of populist,
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| definite legal procedures for whose
| |
| | anti-EU parties (such as occurred in
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| formulation a supratribal literary
| |
| | France's last Presidential election) have
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| language was needed," describes Alexander
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| | been dismissed as one-off aberrations",
|
| M. Schenker, a Yale University scholar in
| |
| | writes Marshall Auerback in his
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| his 'An introduction to Slavic
| |
| | international perspective on He says that
|
| Philology"He then goes on to illustrate
| |
| | as a consequence, the underlying
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| that the void here was filled up by the
| |
| | political message is ignored and that
|
| literate clergy. Those days, the church
| |
| | this is storing up more trouble for the
|
| pretty much assumed political powers as a
| |
| | future. That is why we already see a
|
| natural extension to its religious
| |
| | vacuum in Brussel which is likely to only
|
| teachings. Bodin, who lived at the time
| |
| | get more extensive as time goes along and
|
| that Huguenots and Catholics were
| |
| | no change is made in operating
|
| involved in religious strife, advocated
| |
| | procedures.Angelique van Engelen is a
|
| more secular, professionalised political
| |
| | freelance writer based in the
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| rule that superseded church
| |
| | Netherlands, writing for She writes
|
| domination."Cadres of learned, or at
| |
| | political reports, news, features, web
|
| least literate, people had to be
| |
| | content brochures and research.
|
