Discover rusyns people

• What are Rusyns
• Rusyns History
• Rusyn language
• Rusyns groups

Rusyns groups Lemkos are one of four major ethnic The Boykos inhabited the central and the groups who inhabit the Eastern western half of the Carpathians in Carpathian Mountains, and who speak the Ukraine, including the Dolynsky and a Lemko dialect/language. part of the Rozhniativsky Raions Location (districts) in the Ivano-Frankivsk The Lemkos' homeland is commonly Oblast (province), the Skolivsky, referred to as Lemkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Turkivsky, and parts of the Drohobytsky, ?e??i?????, Polish: Lemkowszczyzna). Up Sambirsky and Starosambirsky Raions in until 1945, this included the area from the Lviv Oblast, and parts of the the Poprad River in the east to the Mizhhirsky Raion in the Zakarpattia valley of Oslawa River in the west, Oblast), as well as the adjacent areas areas situated primarily in present-day of southeast Poland and northeast Poland, in the Lesser Poland and Slovakia. Subcarpathian Voivodeships. This part of Some scholars claim that this ethnic the Carpathian mountains is mostly group is a part of Rusyns. Indeed, in deforested, which allowed for an the 19th century and in the first part agrarian economy, alongside such of the 20th century Boykos, as well as traditional occupations as ox grazing most of the population of the present and sheep herding. day's Western Ukraine called themselves This area was part of Austro-Hungarian Ruthenians (Ukrainian: ??????, Rusyny). Empire until its dissolution in 1918, at Then the term "Ukrainian", that replaced which point the Lemko-Rusyn Republic the term "Ruthenians" in Eastern Ukraine (Ruska Lemkivska) declared its a century earlier, has became more independence. The independence did not common among Western Ruthenians last long, and the territory was Ukrainians, including Boykos, as well. incorporated into Poland in 1920. According to the recent census As a result of Operation Wisla, the practically all Boykos in Ukraine (not majority of Lemkos from this territory however in Poland and in Slovakia) were resettled throughout Poland and in declared their ethnicity as Ukrainian. the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, The name, "Boyko" is thought by some to leaving a significant population only in originate in their patterns of speech, the Prešov Region of present-day specifically the use of the expression, Slovakia. "bah!". Etymology Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian The name "Lemko" derives from the common Greek Catholic Church, with a minority expression Lem (?e?), which can mean belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox "but", "only", or "like" in the Lemko Church. The distinctive wooden church dialect. "Lemko" came into use as an architecture of the Boyko region is a endonym after having been used as an three-domed church, with the domes exonym by the neighboring Boykos and arranged in one line, and the middle Hutsuls, who do not use that expression dome slightly larger than the others. in their respective dialects. Prior to Boyko is also a common surname among this moniker, the Lemkos described people with origins in Western Ukraine, themselves as Rusnaks ((Ukrainian: including in Canada and the United ????a??, translit. Rusnaky) or Rusyns States. (Ukrainian: ??????, translit. Rusyny), Hutsuls (Ukrainian: ??????, singular as did the rest of the inhabitants of ?????, Romanian: Hutuli, singular Hutul, present-day Western Ukraine in the 19th Hutsul dialect: Hutsule, singular century and first part of the 20th Hutsul; alternatively spelled Huculs, century. In the early 20th century, a Huzuls, Hutzuls, Gutsuls, Guculs, majority of these peoples became active Guzuls, or Gutzuls) are an participants in the creation of the ethno-cultural group of highlanders who Ukrainian nation and came to call for centuries have inhabited the themselves Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, ????????, translit. Ukrayintsi). but also in the northern extremity of However, while they may have accepted Romania (in the areas of Bukovina and the new state of Ukraine, many Lemkos, Maramures), as well as in Slovakia and including those in Poland and Slovakia, Poland. consider themselves to be a distinct Although Hutsuls have a distinct ethnicity, while some claim to be self-identity, there is an ongoing and, Ukrainians and still others indentify as often politically charged, debate on Rusyns. whether Hutsuls are of the Ukrainian History ethnicity or the Rusyn one (opinions Lemkos are generally considered to be also vary over their status as a descendants of Ruthenian settlers who subgroup of the Ukrainian ethnicity arrived in 14th century or probably itself), as well as whether they earlier to the area traditionally originated from the Romanian people. inhabited by Lemkos. Etymology After World War I, Lemkos founded two There are different versions for the short-lived republics, the Lemko-Rusyn origins of the name Hutsul. An Republic in the west of Galicia, which explanation is that it comes from the had a russophile orietation, and the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hot Komancza Republic, with a Ukainophile - "thief"). Other explanations place orientation. their origins in the Slavic kochul - It is estimated that about "wanderer","migrant", in reference to 130,000-140,000 Lemkos were living in their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the the Polish part of Lemkivshchyna in name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and 1939. Mass emigration from this even to the name of the Moravian king territory to the Western hemisphere Hetsyl[1]. began in the late 1800s, diminishing the History and origins cultural uniqueness of the Lemko Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between homeland. Additional depopulation of the south-east of those inhabited by the these lands occurred when the Lemkos Boykos, down to the northern part of the began to be removed in a forced Romanian segment of the Carpathians. resettlement, first to the Soviet Union Two prominent theories of their origin (about 90,000 people) and later to state that the Hutsuls may have begun as Poland's newly-acquired western lands an early non-Romanised Thracian or (about 35,000) in the Operation Wisla Dacian population, which was later campaign of the late 1940s. This action linguistically assimilated with the was a state ordered solution to the neighboring Slavs, or the origin may struggle waged by the Ukrainian only go back as far as a later Romanised Insurgent Army (UPA) in south-eastern Dacian (Romanian) population (see Poland. Vlachs), which was also linguistically While a minority of Lemkos returned assimilated. (some 5,000 Lemko families returned to Language their home regions in Poland between Although most of them speak the Hutsul 1957-1958[1], officially having been dialect (a dialect of Ukrainian/Rusyn allowed the right to return in 1956), with Polish influences), several words the Lemko population in the Polish part in their dialect have Romanian origins of Lemkivschyna only numbers around (e.g. kyptar - "vest", from Rom. cheptar 10,000-15,000 today. Some 50,000 Lemkos cf. Latin pectus; zgardy - "necklace", live in the western and northern parts from Rom. zgarda, cf. Albanian of Poland, where they were sent to shkardhë; bryndza - "cheese", cf. Rom. populate former German villages in areas brânza). Stalin had ceded to Poland. Among those, Due to the current educational system, 5,863 people identified themselves as the Hutsul dialect is in danger of Lemko in the 2002 census. However, it is extinction, as the compulsory education estimated that no fewer than 80,000 is done only in Ukrainian, including in ethnic Lemkos reside in Poland today. countries where Hutsuls are recognised Within Lemkivshchyna, Lemkos live in the as a separate minority than the villages of Losie, Krynica, Nowica, Ukrainian one. Zdynia, Gladyszów, Hanczowa, Way of life and culture Zyndranowa, Uscie Gorlickie, Bartne, Traditional Hutsul culture is often Binczarowa and Bielanka. Additional represented by the colorful and populations can be found in Mokre, intricate craftsmanship of their Szczawne, Kulaszne, Rzepedz, Turzansk, clothing, sculpture, architecture, Komancza, Sanok, Nowy Sacz, and Gorlice. woodworking, metalworking (especially in Religion brass), rug weaving, pottery, and egg Christianity in the region is thought to decorating (see pysanka). Along with date to the efforts of Saints Cyril and other Hutsul traditions, as well as Methodius in the 800s. The religion of their songs and dances, this culture is many Lemkos is Greek-Catholicism. In often celebrated and highlighted by the Poland, they belong to the Ukrainian different countries that Hutsuls Greek Catholic Church, and to the inhabit. Hutsul culture bears a noted Ruthenian Catholic Church (see also resemblance to the traditional culture Slovak Greek Catholic Church) in of Romania [7], with that of western Slovakia. A substantial number belong to Ukraine [8] [9], and with that of other the Eastern Orthodox Church. Through the mountainous people which may have efforts of the martyred priest Fr. Maxim similar origins, such as the Gorals in Sandovich in the early 1900's (canonized Poland and Slovakia[10] and the Moravian by the Polish Orthodox Church in the Wallachians in the Czech Republic. Most 1990s) Eastern Orthodoxy was Hutsuls belong to the Ukrainian Greek reintroduced to many Lemko areas which Catholic Church and the Ruthenian had accepted the Union of Brest Catholic Church. centuries before. The distinctive wooden Hutsul society was traditionally based architectural style of the Lemko on forestry and logging, as well as churches is to place the highest cupola cattle and sheep breeding; the Hutsuls of the church building at the entrance are credited with having created the to the church, with the roof sloping breed of horse known as the Hucul pony. downward toward the sanctuary. They use unique musical instruments, Dialect including the "trembita" (trâmbita), a The Lemko dialect is the western-most type of alpenhorn of Dacian origin, as dialect of the Ukrainian language. Lemko well multiple varieties of the fife, or speech, however, includes patterns sopilka, that are used to create unique matching those of the surrounding Polish folk melodies and rhythms. Also and Slovak languages, leading some to frequently used are the bagpipe (duda), refer to it as a transitional dialect the jew's harp (drymba), and the between Polish and Slovak (some even hammered dulcimer - cymbalom. consider the dialect in Eastern Slovakia The Hutsuls served as an inspiration for to be a dialect of the Slovak language). many writers, such as Ivan Franko, Lesya Language Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubyns'kyi, Vasyl Metodyj Trochanovskyij published a Lemko Stefanik and Mihail Sadoveanu. Sergei Primer ('Lemkivskj bukvar') and a First Parajanov's film Shadows of Forgotten Reader ('Persa knyzecka') for use in Ancestors (???? ??????? ???????), which schools in the Lemko-speaking area of is based on the book by Mykhailo Poland in the 1930's. These were banned Kotsiubyns'ky, portrays scenes of by the Polish government in 1938. In the traditional Hutsul life. late 20th century, some Lemkos/Rusyns, Every summer, the village of Sheshory in mainly emigres from the region of the Ukraine hosts a three-day international southern slopes of the Carpathians in festival of folk music and art. Two modern-day Slovakia, began an effort to Hutsul-related museums are located in codify and standardize a grammar for the Kolomyia, Ukraine: the Pysanky museum Lemko dialect. This happened on the and the Museum of Hutsul and Pokuttya 27-th Jan. 1995 in Presov, Slovakia. The Folk Art. Traditional Hutsul sounds and Lemko/Rusyn languague became a language. moves were effectively used by the Boyko or Boiko is the name for a Ukrainian winner of the 2004 Eurovision distinctive group of Ukrainian song contest, Ruslana Lyzhychko. montagnards of the Carpathian highlands. 1 A B 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77